LostPass: Pixel-perfect LastPass Phishing
Last updated
Last updated
LastPass holds all of your secrets. Its login prompts and alerts occur within the browser window, which attackers can control. When the victim visits the target site–which can look completely inconspicuous, such as a news website–after a delay a LastPass notification will appear if the user has LastPass installed prompting the user to log in because their session has expired. The log in screen, which always appears within the browser window, is customized for each browser and operating system to appear pixel perfect. This sends the user’s credentials to the attacker, and then can be prompted for two-factor authentication if required. The attacker can then use the LastPass API to remotely download and decrypt all passwords, credit cards, and secure notes. The LostPass tool can be downloaded via [Github][github].
A few months ago, [LastPass][lastpass] displayed a message on my browser that my session had expired and I needed to log in again. I hadn't used LastPass in a few hours, and hadn't done anything that would have caused me to be logged out. When I went to click the notification, I realized something: it was displaying this in the browser viewport. An attacker could have drawn this notification.
Any malicious website could have drawn that notification. Because LastPass trained users to expect notifications in the browser viewport, they would be none the wiser. The LastPass login screen and two-factor prompt are drawn in the viewport as well.
Since LastPass has an API that can be accessed remotely, an attack materialized in my mind.
Here are the steps for LostPass, in order.
Get the victim to go to a malicious website that looks benign, or a real website that is vulnerable to XSS. This is where we'll deploy lostpass.js. Unlike most phishing attacks, users won't be on their guard because this isn't supposed to be a secure website. It could be a funny video or image, even.
If they have LastPass installed, show the login expired notification and log the user out of LastPass. LastPass is vulnerable to a logout [CSRF][csrf], so any website can log any user out of LastPass. This will make it appear to the user that they are truly logged out.
Once the victim clicks on the fake banner, direct them to an attacker-controlled login page that looks identical to the LastPass one. This is the login page for Chrome.
Notice the domain, "chrome-extension.pw". This looks similar to the Chrome protocol for real extensions "chrome-extension". There is an [open issue in Chromium][chromebug] to address this.
The victim will enter their password and send the credentials to the attacker's server. The attacker's server will check if the credentials are correct by calling LastPass's API. The API will inform us if two-factor authentication is required.
If the username and password is incorrect, we'll redirect the user back to the malicious website, but this time, the LostPass notification bar will say "Invalid Password".
If the user has two-factor authentication, redirect them to a two-factor prompt, like so:
Once the attacker has the correct username and password (and two-factor token), download all of the victim's information from the LastPass API. We can install a backdoor in their account via the emergency contact feature, disable two-factor authentication, add the attacker's server as a "trusted device". Anything we want, really.
Since LastPass displays its error messages for Chrome and login screens within the DOM of the browser, it is trivial to get the HTML. A simple right click and then inspecting the element in question is enough to bring up the relevant part of the HTML in a browser's developer tools. Copying and pasting this into another file is enough.
One obstacle for Chrome is the "chrome-extension" protocol used for the login screen. The URL looks like:
Because of the visual noise and because Chrome uses the same icon for chrome-extension as for unencrypted connections, a spoofed domain was needed. The following URL is was chosen for LostPass because of its similarity to the real thing:
For Firefox, the error messages are in the DOM but not the login screen. The login screen was drawn and animated by hand using HTML 5 and CSS 3.
Since LastPass draws in the DOM, it is easy to check for it by inserting a username and password form into the DOM, waiting for LastPass to draw its icon and then checking to see if it was drawn. One way to do this is:
Since the LastPass user experience differs from browser to browser, detection code was added to display the various different iterations of the warning message or login screens.
One simple way to beat the LostPass attack would be to look at the LastPass icon in the browser. It is red when logged in and active, and yellow or gray when logged out. By looking at [LastPass's out-of-scope bug bounty list][bugcrowd], it was clear that they had a logout cross-site request forgery. This means that anyone can log users out of LastPass from any site.
The following HTML logs LastPass users out:
A simple Python script was written to accept requests from the attacking page. This integrated with an open source LastPass API implementation called [lastpass-python][lastpasspython].
The username and password are sent to the Python script, which then attemps to login to LastPass. The API either returns the decrypted vault, or throws an exception indicating incorrect password or two-factor authentication needed. If two-factor authentication is needed, an HTTP 307 redirect is issued to show the user the two-factor prompt. The user then types in their auth code and send that back to the attacker. The attacker can then login and decrypt the entire vault.
LastPass had a mitigation in place for this attack: all logins from new IP addresses required email approval. However, if two-factor authentication was enabled, this was skipped. Therefore, if two-factor authentication was enabled on a LastPass user's account, they were more susceptible to this attack than if they were not.
Vigo and Garcia presented a local attack against LastPass entitled, "[Even the LastPass Will be Stolen, Deal with It!][vigo]". Their work is a sophisticated client-side attack that relies on bad design choices that LastPass made that make it vulnerable to compromised machines.
This work comes at LastPass from a different angle: you don't have access to a LastPass user's machine. Instead, you trick the user into giving you their credentials.
Phishing a password manager is, for many users, the worst phish possible. All of their passwords are gone in an instant. All of their saved credit cards, private documents, and more are nabbed by an attacker in one fell swoop.
User experiences must be designed with phishing in mind. Explicit anti-phishing measures like choosing a background color make phishing attacks like this much more challenging. Browser extensions often draw their widgets in the DOM, which makes it easy for attackers to find out which extensions are installed and allows them to hijack their normal workflow.
Other password managers and other browser extensions are likely vulnerable to this type of flaw.
Metadata
Tags: phishing,passwords,web,lastpass
Primary Author Name: Sean Cassidy
Primary Author Affiliation: Praesidio
Primary Author Email: sean@seancassidy.me
Primary Author Twitter: @sean_a_cassidy
[lastpass]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LastPass
[github]: https://github.com/cxxr/lostpass
[lastpasspython]: https://github.com/konomae/lastpass-python
